ࡱ> '` R_?bjbj`P%$(̐̐̐P( "ړړړ~t<       $hQ~  ړړ4 bbbړړ b bbX ړ '?̐lT  0 RnZ\<bƛJ<<<  x<<< (((̐(((̐((( Pre-clinical Examination SyllabusForInternational MBBS StudentsZhejiang University School of Medicine HUMAN ANATOMYCourse:(I) Osteology, Arthrology 1Bone and joint of trunk 2Bone and joint of limbs 3Skull 4Arthrology(II) Splanchnology 1Alimentary System 2Respiratory System 3Urinary System 4Reproductive System 5Peritoneum(III) Cardiovascular System 1Heart 2Artery 3Vein 4Lymphatic System(IV) Visual Organ, Vestibulocochlear 1Visual Organ 2Vestibulocochlear Organ(V) Nervous System 1Spinal Nerve 2Cranial Nerves 3Visceral Nervous System 4Spinal Cord 5Brain Stem 6Cerebellum 7Diencephalon 8Telencephalon 9Nervous Pathways 10Meninges and Blood Vessels of Brain and CSFRecommended Textbook: 0A text book of Human Anatomy 0 3rd edition 0Gray'Anatomy 0, 39th EditionSupplementary Reading:Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4th Edition, Frank Netter (3rd Ed is also suitable)Grant's Atlas of Anatomy, 11th Edition, Agur & Lee, Williams & WilkinsHISTOLOGY & EMBRYOLOGYCourse:I) Histology:EpitheliumConnective tissue, Cartilage, BoneBlood, Blood formation, Muscle tissueNerve tissueSkin, The circulatory systemImmune SystemDigestive tractRespiratory system Urinary systemEndocrine system, Male reproductive systemFemale reproductive systemSense organGeneral embryologyGeneral embryologySpecial embryologyII) EmbryologyThe Beginning of Human DevelopmentThe placenta and Fetal MembranesBody Cavities, Mesenteries and DiaphragmSystems Embryology (respiratory, digestive, cardiovascular, urogenital, nervous system)Congenital Anomalies or Human Birth DefectsRecommended Textbook:Textbook of Histology & Embryology, Netter 1st edition. William K. Ovalle, Patrick C. Nahirney. Peking University Medical PressBIOCHEMISTRYCourse:I. Biomolecules(a) Classification and cellular function of carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids and their structures. (b) Structural organization and structure-function relationships of proteins.(c) Cell membrane structure and functions.II. Enzymes (a) Nomenclature, classification,(b) Kinetics, mechanism of enzymatic catalysis.(c) Factors influencing enzymatic catalyses, enzyme activators and inhibitors.(d) Regulation of enzyme activity,(e) Clinical enzymology, isoenzymes.III. Metabolic pathways, their regulation and metabolic interrelationshipsMetabolism: general concepts and characteristics of metabolic pathways.Carbohydrate metabolism(a) Digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates(b) Pathways of glucose metabolism: glycolysis(c) Pentose phosphate shunt(d) Gluconeogenesis(e) Glycogenolysis, glycogenesis(f) Galactose and fructose metabolism(g) Glycogen storage disease(h) Inborn errors of glucose metabolism(i) Regulation of glucose metabolism.Protein turnover and amino acid metabolism(a) Digestion and absorption of dietary protein(b) General reactions, transamination, its metabolic and diagnostic significance(c) Disposal of amino acid nitrogen and detoxication of urea(d) Metabolic fate of amino acid carbon skeleton(e) Sulphur containing amino acids(f) In born errors of branched chain and aromatic amino acids(g) Important amino acid derivatives.Lipid metabolism(a) Digestion and absorption of dietary fats.(b) Biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids, phospolipids and triacylglycerols(c) Biosynthesis of cholesterol, chemistry and metabolism of lipoproteins.(d) Hyperlipoproteinemias(e) Lipid storage disease.(f) Ketone bodies: their synthesis, utilization and conditions leading to ketoacidosis, prostaglandin.TCA cycle and biological oxidation, prostanoidsRegulation of the metabolic pathways(a) Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism(b) Interlinks between these pathways.(c) Organ interrelationships in metabolism,(d) Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus.(e) Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation.(f) Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus.IV. Hormones (a) Molecular basis of hormonal action, signal transduction mechanisms.(b) Chemistry, functions and mechanism of action of hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, panaceas, and gonads.(c) The functions and mechanism of action of steroid hormones(d) Hormonal interplay in the regulation of metabolism.V. Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins VI. Hematic Biochemistry (a) Regulation of blood pH, acidosis, alkalosis, (b) Heme synthesis.(c) Plasma proteins, their functions and clinical significance.VII. Molecular Biology (a) DNA Replication,(b) DNA Transcription(c) Post-transcriptional processing.(d) Translation of genetic code(e) Regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis inhibitors of protein synthesis.(f) DNA repair mechanisms and related disorders(g) Applied aspects of purine and pyrimidine metabolism(h) Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA technology(i) DNA and diagnostics(j) Telomers, telomerasesRecommended Textbook:Biochemistry, Ed by Pamela Champe et al, Williams & WilkinsSupplementary Reading:1. Biochemistry Ed. Lubert Stryer. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.2. Principles of Biochemistry. Ed. Lehinger, Nelson and Cox. CBS Publishers and distributors3. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations. Ed. Thomas M. Devlin, Wiley-Liss Publishers.MEDICAL GENETICSCourse:Genetics and Medical Science 1. The concepts of genetics in medicine2. The History of genetics in medicineOMIM3. Ontology of inherited diseaseDNA, Gene Structure and Human Genome 1. DNA structure and structure, function of gene, gene mutation2. Organization of the human genome3. Polymorphism in gene and genome4. The Human Genome Project, physical mapping, genetic mapping Recombinant DNA and Gene Manipulations Cell-based DNA cloningPCR-based DNA cloning and DNA analysesDNA hybridization assaysPatterns of Single-Gene Inheritance 1. Proband, pedigree charts and symbols in pedigree 2. Genetic disorders with classical Mendelian inheritancePatterns of autosomal dominant inheritanceHuntington disease, Marfan syndrome, achondroplasia, polycystic kidney disease, familial adenomatous polyposis(2) Patterns of autosomal recessive inheritance Cystic fibrosis, xeroderma pigmentosum(3) Patterns of X-linked recessive inheritance DMD, hemophilia, G6PD deficiency(4) Patterns of X-linked dominant inheritance hypophosphatemic rickets(5) Patterns of Y-linked inheritance haired ears3. Other factors affecting pedigree patterns(1) Onset age(2) Pleiotropy(3) Genetic heterogeneity (4) Expressivity and penetrance(5) Coefficient of relationship and consanguineous marriage(6) Sex-limited phenotypes and sex-influenced phenotypes (7) Genetic imprinting (8) Anticipation (9) X inactivation (10) Germline mosaicismCytogenetics and Clinical Cytogenetics 1. General principles of cytogenetics(1) Chromosome classification, identification and karyotypG banding, Q banding, R banding, C banding, high-resolution banding, FISH2. Chromosome abnormalities(1) Types of Chromosome abnormality`$ Abnormalities of chromosome number, mosaicEuploid, aneuploid, nondisjunctiona$ Abnormalities of chromosome structureDeletion, duplication, isochromosome, inversion, reciprocal translocation, Robertsonian translocation, insertion, ring chromosomesb$ Nomenclature of human chromosome (2) Disorders of autosome chromosomeDown syndrome, trisomy18, trisomy 13, Cri Du Chat syndrome, fragile X syndrome, microdeletion syndromes (3) The sex chromosomes and their abnormalities`$ The testis-determining genea$ Y-linked genes in spermatogenesisb$ The X inactivation center and the XIST genec$ Abnormalities of sex chromosomesKlinefelter syndrome, 47, XXY syndrome, trisomy X, Turner syndrome, (4) Disorders of gonadal and sexual development`$ True hermaphroditisma$ Female pseudohermaphroditismCongenital adrenal hyperplasiab$ Male pseudohermaphroditismAndrogen insensitivity syndromec$ Sex determination and Sex reversal SRYPrenatal diagnosis for congenital abnormalities 1. Indications for prenatal diagnosis2. Methods of prenatal diagnosis (1) Invasive testingAmniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), cordocentesis (2) Noninvasive testingMaternal serum screen, ultrasonography3. Emerging technologies for prenatal diagnosisPGDFetal cells in maternal blood4. Laboratory StudiesCytogenetics in prenatal diagnosis Demonstration of various techniques such as FISHBiochemical assays for metabolic diseasesDNA analysisPolymerase chain reaction (PCR), SSCP, DHPLC, DNA hybridization, DNA sequencing, gene microarrays Genetics of Disorders with Complex Inheritance 1. Genetic analysis of qualitative traits2. Genetic analysis of quantitative traits (1) Heritability (2) Characteristics of inheritance of complex disease3. Diseases with complex inheritance Digenic retinitis pigmentosa, Hirschsprung disease, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer disease, multifactorial congenital malformations: neural tube defect, cleft lip and cleft palate, congenital heart defects.Mitochondrial Genetic Disorders 1. The physiology of mitochondria2. Special features of mitochondrial genetics (1) Maternal inheritance of mtDNA (2) Homoplasmy and heteroplasmy (3) Interaction between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes3. mtDNA mutations and diseasesLeber disease (LHON), MERRFMolecular Disease and Inborn Errors of Metabolism 1. The effect of mutation on protein function(1) Loss-of-Function mutation (2) Gain-of-Function mutation(3) Mutations associated with heterochronic or ectopic gene expression2. Hemoglobins and their diseases(1) Structure and function of hemoglobin(2) Developmental expression of globin genes and globin switching(3) Genetic disorders of hemoglobin Hemoglobin structural variants: HbS, HbC Thalassemias: -thalassemia, -thalassemia Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin3. Enzyme defectsAminoacidopathies Phenylketonuria (PKU), albinism and alcaptonuriaDefects in purine metabolism Lesch-Nyhan syndromeLysosomal storage diseases Tay-Sachs disease, mucopolysaccharidoses(4) Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: deficiency of a protease inhibitor4. Defects in receptor proteins Familial hypercholesterolemia Genetic Variation in Populations 1. Phenotypes, genotypes, and gene frequencies2. The Hardy-Weinberg Law3. Applications of the Hardy-Weinberg Law4. Factors that disturb Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (1) Exceptions to random mating (2) Exceptions constant allele frequency (3) Genetic drift (4) Gene flowGenetic Counseling 1. Evaluating family history and medical records 2. Ordering genetic tests 3. Evaluating the results of this investigation4. Helping patients understand and reach decisions about what to do next Recommended Textbook:Nussbuam RL, et al. Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine, 6th edition. Saunders Company, 2004.Supplementary Reading:1Passarge E. Color Atlas of Genetics, 3rd ed. Thieme Verlag, 20062. Rimoin DL et al. Emery and Rimoin's Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics edition: Continually Updated Online Reference, 3-Volume Set. 5th ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2006PHYSIOLOGYCourse:General introduction: homeostasis HomeostasisControl systemsEvolutionMedically-related examplesCellular physiology: receptors, excitable cells Cell membrane: propertiesCell membrane: permeabilityCell membrane: transportBioelectricityResting membrane potentialAction potentialExcitation-contraction couplingCardiac muscleSkeletal muscleSmooth muscleReceptorsMedically-related examplesCardiovascular system BloodHeartElectrocardiogramCardiac cycleNeural regulation of cardiac functionIntrinsic regulation of cardiac functionCardiac outputHemodynamicsSpecial circulationsEndocrine system Hypothalamic control systemAnterior pituitary hormonesPosterior pituitary hormonesThyroid: control of functionsActions of thyroid hormonesAdrenalsFunctions of cortisolCortisol & stressEndocrine control of growthGastrointestinal system Chewing & swallowingGastric secretionRegulation of gastric secretionBiliary & pancreatic secretionsColonNutrition INutrition IINervous system Synaptic transmissionNeurotransmitters & receptorsSensory codingSensory perceptionPainControl of painMotor systemsReflexesVoluntary movementsRespiratory system Lung volumes & capacitiesMechanics of ventilationVentilation-perfusion ratioGas exchange IGas exchange IINeural/chemical regulation of respirationArtificial respirationUrogenital system Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axisMale reproductive physiologyFemale reproductive physiologyPubertyPregnancyIntroduction to renal systemHemodynamics & glomerular filtrationRenal tubule functions IRenal tubule functions IIRegulation of renal functionsMicturitionIntegrated responses to internal/external change Autonomic nervous systemWork physiologyLife at high altitudeHeat and coldGrowth, development and senescenceRecommended Textbook:Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2006) Vanders Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, Tenth Edition. McGraw-HillSupplementary Reading:Levy MN, Koeppen BM, Stanton BA (2005) Berne & Levy, Principles of Physiology, Fourth Edition. Mosby.MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGYCourse:Antigens Immunoglobulins Complement system Cytokines and cytokine receptors Cell adhesion molecules and leukocyte differentiation antigens Major histocompatibility complex Immune system Immune organsLymphocytes: T, B lymphocytes and natural killer cellsOther immune cellsAntigen-presenting cells and antigen presentation Immune response Cell-mediated immune response Humoral immune responseImmune tolerance and autoimmunity Hypersensitivity Immunodeficiency Tumor immunity Transplantation immunity Immunological prophylaxis and immunotherapy Recommended Textbook:Abul K. Abbas and Andrew H. Lichtman. Basic Immunology: Function of the Immune System. 2nd Ed. Elsevier Saunders. 2004Supplementary Reading:Abul K. Abbas and Andrew H. Lichtman. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 5th Ed. Elsevier Saunders. 2005MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGYCourse:I. BacteriologyFundamentals of bacteriology Bacterial cell structureOptical methods and stainingBacterial morphology, sizeGeneral structuresComponent and function of cell well and characteristics of Gram positive versus Gram negative bacteria, wall-less forms of bacteriaImportant bacteria structures: plasmids, flagella, pili, capsules and sporesClassification of BacteriaThe Growth, Survival, & Death of MicroorganismSingle cell growth dynamics, population cell growth dynamics/growth curveSterilization, disinfection, bacteriostasis, antisepsis, asepsis: definitions and various methodsCultivation of MicroorganismGrowth requirementsMicrobial MetabolismCatabolic products and biochemical testingSynthetic Products and their medical importanceMicrobial Genetics/heredity and variation of bacteriaBacterial genomeMutation of bacteriaMechanisms for bacterial gene transfer: transformation, transduction, conjugationNormal flora & opportunistic infectious & hospital acquired infectionsParthenogenesis of bacteria infection and body responsesIdentifying bacteria that cause disease/Kochs postulatesOriginal and development of bacterial infection: source of infection, transmission of bacteria, types of bacterial infectionBacterial virulence factors: adhesion, penetration and spread, survival in the host, tissue injury (Exotoxins, endotoxins, immunopathology)Overview of bacterial identificationSample collection, isolation/pure culture, identification/microscopy and biochemical, classification (species, type), susceptibility to antibioticsMedical important microbes and associated diseases: The Staphylococci, The Streptococci, & The Neisseriae Enteric GramNegative Rods (Enterobacteriaceae)Escherichia, Shigellae, &Salmonella Vibrios, & Helicobacter pylori Anaerobic Bacteria Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Clostridum (C. tetani, C. perfringens, C. botulinum, C. difficile)Non-Spore-Forming Anaerobic Bacteria Mycobacteria: M. Tuberculosi Corynebacterium C. Diphtheriae Spirochetes & Other Spiral MicroorganismLeptospira & Leptospirosis Treponema Mycoplasmas & Cell wall-defective bacteria Rickettsial Diseases ChlamydiaeII. MycologyGeneral properties & classification of fungi Growth and isolation of fungi Clinical manifestations Superficial mycosesCutaneous mycoses Subcutaneous mycosesSystemic mycosesOpportunistic mycosesIII. Virology General Properties of VirusesMorphology, structure and chemical composition of virusesCultivation & assay of virusesReplication of virusesGenetics of human virusesNatural history & modes of transmission of VirusesPathogenesis & Control of Viral DiseasesViruses Associated with Respiratory InfectionsOrthomyxoviridae: Influenza Virus Paramyxovirus & Rubella Viruses: Parainfluenza Virus, Measles, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Mumps virus, Rubella Virus& Adenovirus Replication of virusesViruses Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract InfectionsEnterovirus & RotavirusPiliovirus, Coxsackievirus, ECHO, & Others, Reoviridae & RotavirusHepatitis VirusHerpesviridae: HSV, Human Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, & HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8.HIV and Lentivirinae 2 hrRabies, Slow Virus Infections, & Prion Diseases Human Cancer Viruses IV. Parasitology Principles of human Parasitology Parasite biology and parasitosis Parasite biologyHost- parasite relationship Immunology of parasite infectionCharacters of parasitosesEpidemiology, control and prevention of parasitoses The basic links on the transmission of parasitoses Influencing the epidemiological factors Characters of parasitoses prevailingMeasures on prevention and treatment of parasitic diseasesMedical helminthology NematodesConspectus of nematodaAscaris lumbricoidesTrichuris trichiuraEnterobius vermicularisAncylostoma duodenale and Necator americanusTrichinella spiralisWuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayiTrematodes Conspectus of trematodaClonorchis sinensisFasciolopsis buskiParagonimus westwemaniPagumogonimus skrjabiniSchistosomeCestodesConspectus of cestodeTaenia soliumTaenia saginataEchinococcus granulosusSpirometra mansoniMedical protozoaConspectus of medical protozoa Class Lobosea Entamoeba histolyticaEntamoeba coliPathogenic and self-generating amoebaClass Zoomastigophorea Leishmania donovaniGiardia lambliaTrichomonas vaginalisClass Sporozoa Plasmodium Opportunistic protozoa: Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium & Pneumocystis cariniiMedical ArthropodConspectus Concept and classificationHarmfullness on humanPrevention and cure for medical arthropodArachnidaTickChigger miteItch miteDemodexInsecta MosquitoFlySand flyFleaLouseRecommended Textbook:Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology (LANGE Basic Science) 22nd Ed. by Geo F. Brooks, Janet S. Butel, Stephen A. Morse. 2001 McGraw-Hill/Peoples Medical Publishing House of ChinaMedical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control by David Greenwood, John F. Peutherer, Richard C.B. Slack. 2002 Elsevier Science Health Science divHuman Parasitology (Paperback) by 2nd Edition Bogitsh and Cheng. 2006 Academic PressSupplementary Reading:1. Murrays. Medical Microbiology, 5th Ed. 2. MIMs Medical Microbiology, Updated Edition, 3rd Ed.3. Human Parasitology, 3rd Ed by Burton J. Bogitsh, Clint E. Carter, Thomas N. Oeltmann. 4. Atlas of Human Parasitology, 4th Ed by Lawrence R. Ash, Thomas C. Orihel. PATHOLOGYCourse:Fever 1. Etiology2. Pathogenesis3. Stages of manifestations4. Alterations of metabolism and function5. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatmentHypoxia 1. Parameters of blood oxygen2. Classification, Etiology and Mechanisms of Hypoxia3. Alterations of metabolism and function in the body4. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatmentWater and Electrolytes Balance and Imbalance 1. Water and sodium balance and imbalance2. Disorders of sodium and water metabolism3. Disorders of Potassium metabolismAcid-Base Balance and Imbalance 1. Normal acid-base balance2. Parameters of acid-base balance3. Simple acid-base balance4. Mixed acid-base balanceSignal transduction and the Related Disorders 1. General concept2. Major pathways for cell signaling3. Dysfunction of cell signaling in disease4. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatment of diseaseStress and Related Disease 1. Etiology and pathogenesis2. Alterations of metabolism and function3. Stress and disease4. Basic principle of prevention and treatment for stress disordersShock 1. Etiology and classification of shock2. Pathogenesis of shock3. Alterations of metabolism and function4. Features of several common types of shock5. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatmentDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 1. Etiology2. Pathology3. Pathogenesis4. Factors influence the development of DIC5. Clinical classification of DIC6. Alterations of metabolism and function7. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatmentHeart Failure 1. Fundamental knowledge2. Etiology and Classification4. Compensatory responses5. Pathogenesis6. Clinical manifestation7. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatmentRespiratory Failure 1. Etiology and Classification2. Pathogenesis3. Alterations of metabolism and function4. Pathophysiological basis of prevention and treatmentRenal Failure 1. Acute renal failure2. Chronic renal failure3. UremiaGeneral Pathology1. Cell Injury and Adaptationa) Cell injury: Causes and Mechanism: Ischemic, Toxic.b) Reversible cell injury: Types, morphology: Swelling, vacuolation, hyaline, fatty change, pathological pigments, etc.c) Irreversible cell injury: Types of Necrosis, Apoptosis, Cellular Aging.d) Adaptation: Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Hypoplasia, Metaplasia, Malformation and Agenesis.e) Amyloidosis: classification, Pathogenesis, Morphologyf) Calcification: Dystrophic and Metastatic2. Tissue Repair a) Wound healing by primary and secondary union, factors promoting and delaying the processb) Healing at specific sites including bone healing3. Inflammationa) Acute inflammation: Features, causes, vascular and cellular events.b) Morphologic variants of acute inflammationc) Inflammatory cells and Mediatorsd) Chronic inflammation: Causes, types, nonspecific and Granulomatous with examples4. Circulatory Disturbancesa) Edema: Pathogenesis and typesb) Chronic venous congestion: Pathogenesis and changes in Lung, Liver, Spleenc) Thrombosis and Embolism: Formation, Fate and Effectsd) Infarction: Types, common sites, Gangrenee) Shock: Pathogenesis, Types, Morphologic changesf) Derangements of Fluid and electrolyte imbalance5. Neoplasiaa) Conception of Neoplasia b) Neoplasia: Nomenclature, Classification, Histogenesis, Growth disturbances: Dysplasia, Anaplasia, Atypia, Morphological characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasia, Biologic Behaviour: Benign and Malignant; Carcinoma and Sarcomac) Malignant Neoplasia: Grades and Stages, Local and distant spreadd) Carcinogenesis: Environmental carcinogens, chemical, viral, occupational, Heredity and cellular oncogenese) Tumor and Host Interactions: Systemic effects including paraneoplastic syndromes, Tumor immunologyf) Laboratory diagnosis: Cytology, Biopsy, Tumor markers6. Immunopathologya) Hypersensitivity: types and examples, Antibody and cell mediated tissue injury with examples.b) Primary immunodeficiencyc) Secondary Immunodeficiency including HIV Infection (see to chapter 11: Infectious Diseases)d) Auto-immune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosis; organ specific and non-organ specific such as polyarteritis nodosa, Hashimotos disease.f) Tumor Immunityg) Organ transplantation: Immunologic basis of Rejection and Graft versus host reactionSystemic Pathology1. Cardiovascular Pathologya) Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Disease; Myocardial Infarctionb) Diseases of blood vessels other than atherosclerosisc) Hypertension and Hypertensive Heart Diseased) Rheumatic fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease: Pathogenesis, Morphology and effectse) Infective Endocarditis: Causes, Pathogenesis and Morphologyf) Congenital Heart Disease: ASD, VSD, Fallots Bicuspid aortic valve, PDAg) Pericarditis and other pericardial diseasesh) Cardiomyopathy2. Respiratory Pathologya) Structure of Bronchial tree and alveolar walls, normal and altered lung function; concept of obstructive and restrictive lung disordersb) Inflammatory diseases of bronchi: chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive lung diseasec) Pneumonias: Lobar, Broncho, Interstitiald) Pulmonary suppuration including lung abscess: Etiopathogenesis and Morphologye) Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Primary and Secondary, Morphologic types including pleuritis (see to chapter 11: Infectious Diseases).f) Emphysema: Types, pathogenesisg) Atelectasis and Hyaline Membrane Diseaseh) Tumors: Benign; Carcinoid, Malignant; Squamous cell, Oat cell, Adeno, etiopathogenesis.i) Occupational lung disorders: anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma3. Pathology of the Gastro-Intestinal Tracta) Oral Pathology: Leukoplakia; Carcinoma oral Cavity and Esophagusb) Salivary gland tumors: Mixed, Adenoid cystic, warthinsc) Gastritis: Chronic Gastritis and Acute Gastritis. Peptic ulcer: etiopathogenesis and complications; gastritis: typesd) Inflammatory diseases of small intestine: Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Crohns.e) Inflammatory diseases of appendix and large intestine: Amoebic colitis, Bacillary dysentery,Ulcerative Colitis, Appendictisf) Ischemic and Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, diverticulosis.g) Tumors of stomach: Benign; Polyp, Leiomyoma, Malignant; Adenocarcinoma, Lymphoma Tumors and Tumor like condition of the large and small intestine : Polyps, Carcinoid, Carcinoma, Lymphoma4. Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Pathologya) Jaundice: Types, Pathogenesis and Differentiationb) Hepatitis: Acute and Chronic, Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathologyc) Cirrhosis: Etiology, Postnecrotic, Alcoholic, Metabolic, Pathology, Morphology (Macronodular, Micronodular, Mixed), complications.d) Portal Hypertension: Types including non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis and Manifestationse) Tumors of Liver: hepatocellular and metastatic carcinoma, tumor markersf) Concept of hepatocellular failure.g) Diseases of the gall bladder: Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis, Carcinoma.h) Pancreatitisi) Pancreatic tumors: Endocrine, Exocrine and periampullary.5. Urinary Tract Pathologya) Renal structure, Ultrastructure of filtering membrane of glomerulus, Basis of impaired function.b) Glomerulonephritis: Classification, Primary Proliferative and Non Proliferativec) Secondary Glomerulonephritis: SLE, Purpura, Polyarteritis, Amyloidosis, Diabetesd) Nephrotic Syndromee) Pyelonephritis, Reflux Nephropathy, Interstitial Nephritisf) Renal tumors: Renal cell carcinoma, Nephroblastomag) Acute Renal Failure: Acute tubular and cortical necrosish) Progressive renal failure and end stage renal diseasei) Renal vascular disorders, kidney changes in Hypertensionj) Urinary bladder: cystitis, carcinomak) Urinary Tract Tuberculosisl) Urolithiasis and Obstructive Uropathym) Renal Malformations: Polycystic kidneys6. Hemato-lymphoreticular pathologya) Lymphadenitis: nonspecific, Granulomatousb) Hodgkins and Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas: Classification, Morphologyc) Diseases of the spleen: Splenomegaly causes and effectsd) Leukocytic disorders: Leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemoid reactione) Acute and chronic Leukemia: Classification, Diagnosisf) Myeloproliferative disorders: Polycythemia, Myelofibrosisg) Multiple myeloma and dysproteinemiash) Thymus: Dysgenesis, Atrophy, Hyperplasia, Neoplasiai) Anaemia: classification and clinical features; clinical and lab. approach to diagnosisj) Hemostatic disorders: Platelet deficiency; ITP, Drug induced, secondaryk) Coagulopathies: Coagulation factor deficiency; hemophilia, DIC and anticoagulant controll) Blood transfusion: grouping and cross matching, untoward reactions, transmissible infections including HIV and hepatitis7. Reproductive Systema) Diseases of cervix: cervicitis, cervical carcinoma, etiology, types and cytologic diagnosisb) Hormonal influences and histological appearances of different phases of menstrual cycle and the abnormalities associated with itc) Diseases of uterus: endometritis, endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, adenomyosis, smooth muscle tumorsd) Trophoblastic disease: Hydatidiform mole, Choriocarcinomae) Diseases of the breast: Mastitis, abscess, Fibrocystic disease, Neoplastic lesions: Fibroadenoma, Carcinoma, Phyllodes tumorf) Prostate: Nodular Hyperplasia and Carcinomag) Ovarian and testicular tumorsh) Carcinoma of penisi) Pelvic inflammatory diseases including salpingitisj) Genital Tuberculosis8. Osteopathologya) Osteomyelitis: Acute, Chronic, Tuberculous, Mycetomab) Metabolic diseases: Rickets/Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Hyperparathyroidisismc) Tumors: Primary, Osteosarcoma, Osteoclastoma, Ewings Sarcoma, Chondrosarcoma;Metastaticd) Arthritis: Rheumatoid, Osteo and tuberculous9. Endocrine Pathologya) Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Pathogenesis, pathologyb) Nonneoplastic lesions of thyroid: Iodine deficiency goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, myxedemac) Tumors of thyroid adenoma, carcinoma: Papillary, Follicular, Medullary, Anaplasticd) Adrenal diseases: Cortical hyperplasia, atrophy, tuberculosis, tumors of cortex and medullae) Parathyroid hyperplasia and tumors and Hyperparathyroidismf) Pituitary tumorsg) Multiple endocrine neoplasia10. NeuropathologyCerebrovascular diseases: Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, aneurysm, Hypoxia, Infarction and Hemorrhage,CSF and its disturbances: raised intracranial pressure, cerebral edema and hernia. Traumatic lesions of CNS.c) CNS tumors primary: glioma and meningioma (excluding histopathology) and metastatic d) Inflammatory disorders: Pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis, brain abscess, tuberculomae) Peripheral neuropathies and demyelnating disordersf) Diseases of muscles11. Infectious Diseasesa) Mycobacterial Diseases: Tuberculosis and Leprosyb) Bacterial diseases: Pyogenic, Typhoid, Diphtheria, Gram negative infection, Bacillary dysentery, Syphilisc) Viral: Polio, Herpes, Rabies, Measles; Rickettsial, Chlamydial infectiond) Fungal diseases and opportunistic infections.e) Parasitic Diseases: Malaria, Filaria, Amebiasis, Schistosomiasis, Hydatid, Kala-azar, Cysticercosis, f) AIDS: Aetiology, modes of transmission, diagnostic procedures and handling of infected material and health education.12. Miscellaneous Disordersa) Autosomal and sex-linked disorders with examplesb) Metabolic disordersc) Protein energy malnutrition and vitamin deficiency disordersd) Radiation Injurye) Disorders of Pigment and Mineral metabolism such as bilirubin, melanin, hemosiderinRecommended Textbooks1. Robbins Basic Pathology, 7th or 8th edition.2. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Diseases, 7th edition.3. J. E. C. Underwoods General and Systematic PathologySupplementary Reading:Pathophysiology. Wang Jianzhi, Jin Huiming. Fifth Edition. Peoples Medical Publishing House 2005. ISBN: 7-117-06656-3Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of altered Health States. Carol Mattson Porth. Second edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. ISBN:0-7817-7087-4PHARMACOLOGYCourse:(A) General pharmacologyDrug receptors & pharmacodynamicsPharmacokineticsDrug biotransformationfactors modifying drug response(B) Autonomic pharmacology & Peripheral nervous systemCholinoceptor-Activating drugsCholinesterase-Inhibiting drugs & Cholinesterase reactivators Cholinoceptor-Blocking Drugs (I) : muscarinic receptor-blocking drugsCholinoceptor-Blocking Drugs (II) :ganglionic blockers & neuromuscular blockersAdrenoceptor-Activating & other Sympathomimetic DrugsAdrenoceptor- Antagonist Drugs(C) Central nervous system CNS drugs neurotransmitters, definition and common transmittersSedative hypnotic drugAnti-seizure drugsAntidepressant agentsAntipsychotic agentsPharmacologic management of Parkinsons disease & other movement disordersOpioid analgesics & antagonistsGeneral anestheticsLocal Anesthetics(D) Autacoids Histamine and antihistaminicsThe eicosanoids: prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane and PAFSubstance P, bradykininDrugs used in asthma(E) Cardiovascular system Antihypertensive agentsVasodilators & the treatment of angina pectorisCardiac glycosides & other drugs used in congestive heart failureAgents used in cardiac arrhythmiasDiuretic agents(F) Drugs used to treat diseases of the blood, inflammation and gout Agents used in anemiasdrugs used in disorders of coagulationAgents used in hyperlipidemiaNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, nonopioid analgesics, & drugs used in gout(G) Endocrine drugs Hypothalamic & pituitary hormonesThyroid & antithyroid drugsAdrenocorticosteroids & adrenocortical antagonistsPancreatic hormones & antidiabetic drugsThe gonadal hormones & inhibitorsAgents that affect bone mineral homeostasis(H) Chemotherapy General principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy, rational use of antibioticsBeta-lactam antibiotics & other inhibitors of cell wall synthesisAminoglycosiddes & spectinomycinSulfonamides, trimethoprim & quinolonesAntimycobacterial drugsAntifungal agentsClinical use of antimicrobial agentsBasic principles of antiparasitic chemotherapyCancer chemotherapy(I) Special topics Special aspects of perinatal & pediatric pharmacologySpecial aspects of geriatric pharmacologyDrugs Used in Gastrointestinal diseasesManagement of the poisoned patientRational prescribing & prescription writingRecommended Textbook:Bertram G. Katzung (2006). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (9th edition) McGraw-HillSupplementary Reading:Joel G. Hardman, Lee E. Limbird (2002) Goodman & Gilmans - The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th edition). McGraw-Hill.BIOSTATISTICSCourse:Descriptive statistics Descriptive summariesGraphical methodsProbability and probability models Probability introductionNormal distributionsSampling distributionsInferences about population parameters Point and interval estimation of a meanHypothesis testing: one-sample test of the meanHypothesis testing: two-sample test of the meanInferences for categorical data Binomial distributionContingency tablesGoodness of fit testsRecommended Textbook:Rosner, Bernard R. Fundamental of Biostatistics, 6th Edition. Brooks Cole, 25 February 2005.ISBN:0495064416Supplementary Reading:Richard, J., Rao, Sundar P.S.S. Introduction to Biostatistics and Research Methods, 4th Edition. Prentice-Hall of India, January 2006.ISBN:8120328760MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGYCourse:Main Theories of Medical Psychology 1. Theory of psychoanalysis2. Theory of beh 8HJLVr|   " & , . 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Theory of psychobiology4. Theory of cognition General Psychology 1.neural basis of mind2. cognition3. Emotion4. Will5. PersonalityPsychological Stress 1. Life event2. Cognitive evaluation3. Social support4. Coping5. Psychosomatic mechanismsPsychological Assessment 1. Questionnaire/Interview schedule designing2. Practical: Construction and pre-testing of questionnaire/ interview schedule3. Attitudes: nature, development, methods to change4. Measurement of attitudes5. Questionnaire design to test attitudes. Psychological Therapy 1. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy2. Cognitive Therapy3. Behavior therapy 4. Morita therapy5. Hyponotic therapy6. Suggestion therapy7. Biofeedback therapyClinical Psychosomatic Problems 1. Vascular disease2. CancerAbnormal Psychology and Behavior Disorders 1. Anxiety2. Depression3. Addiction4. Smoking5. ObesityOther Clinical Psychological Problems 1. Sleeping2. PainPatient Psychology and Doctor-patient Relationship 1. Patient Psychology2. Doctor-patient communicationRecommended Textbook:1. Richard J. Gerrig, Philip G. Zimbardo, A. Psychology and Life 16th Edition, Pearson Company, 2002Supplementary Reading:1. Susana Urbina. Psychological Testing: Study Guide 7th Edition (Paperback), Prentice Hall, 19972. Paul Bennett. Abnormal and Clinical psychology, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003EPIDEMIOLOGYCourse:Epidemiologic Measures - Rates: Incidence, Prevalence, etc- Ratio- Proportions Risk Sources of epidemiological dataCausation  Concept of causation Bradford Hills criteria of causationCross sectional and case studies Concept of cross sectional study designcharacteristic & applicationScreening Tests, Diagnostic Tests Study design Index of validity & repeatability Predictive valueLongitudinal study Concept of longitudinal sectional Study design Characteristic & application Calculate the dataCase control study Concept of case control study Study design Characteristic & application Calculate the dataRandomized Control Trials Concept of RCT Study design Characteristic & applicationThe epidemiology of communicable diseases & non-communicable diseases Plan and investigate an epidemic of a communicable disease in a hospital/ community setting, and institute control measuresthe cold chain and the importance of maintaining the cold chainthe immunization schedulepublic health surveillanceRecommended Textbook:R. 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